Se encontró adentro – Página 50Por otra parte , como enseguida veremos , también puede entremezclarse aquí lo ciudadano y burgués con lo converso " . ... La Burguesía española en la Edad Moderna , Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de ValladolidFundación ... This religious differentiation is important because it gave indigenous communities legal protections from members of the Républica de Españoles. [92] That same year, the crown established a permanent high court, or audiencia, in the most important city at the time, Santo Domingo, on the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic). In 1812, the Cortes of Cádiz drafted the Spanish Constitution of 1812. [137] They were so weakened by the illness that they decided to abandon Brunei to return to Manila on 26 June 1578, after just 72 days. In 1525, King Charles I of Spain ordered an expedition led by friar García Jofre de Loaísa to go to Asia by the western route to colonize the Maluku Islands (known as Spice Islands, now part of Indonesia), thus crossing first the Atlantic and then the Pacific oceans. Charles had been raised in Mechelen and his interests remained those of Christian Europe. His father married him to Queen Mary I of England in 1554 to form an alliance with the English, and both Philip and Mary were Catholics, making them unpopular with the Church of England and the Protestant majority of England. The transfer of the House of Trade from Seville to Cadiz meant even easier access of foreign merchant houses to the Spanish trade. On the Atlantic coast, Spain took possession of the outpost of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1476) with support from the Canary Islands, and it was retained until 1525 with the consent of the treaty of Cintra (1509). The Spanish were on the defensive, mainly because they had wasted too much resources on the attempted invasion of England and on expeditions in northern France. Santo Domingo likewise declared independence in 1821 and began negotiating for inclusion in Bolivar's Republic of Gran Colombia, but was quickly occupied by Haiti, which ruled it until an 1844 revolution. [citation needed] Under the mercantile trading arrangements it had difficulty in providing the goods being demanded by the strongly growing markets of its empire, and providing adequate outlets for the return trade. In 1511, he became part of the Holy League against France, seeing a chance at taking both Milan—to which he held a dynastic claim—and Navarre. The mestizo child appears to be literate with a satisfied grin facing his father alluding to the opportunity the child has due to his father being European.[171]. Este libro se ocupa de los lineamientos generales de la historia de Europa en la época comprendida entre la Reforma protestante y la Revolución francesa. [83] Henceforth, the Crown would authorize to individuals voyages to discover territories in the Indies only with previous royal license,[82] and after 1503 the monopoly of the Crown was assured by the establishment of the Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) at Seville. En la Edad Moderna, todos los grandes estados siguen un modelo patriarcal que restringe a la mujer a un papel subordinado, aunque existen excepciones de mujeres con un pequeño papel intelectual, sobre todo en el siglo XVII. Military defeat was followed by the U.S. occupation of Cuba and the cession of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States, receiving US$20 million in compensation for the Philippines. El crecimiento económico benefició a los burgueses dedicados al comercio. [76], The crown was the guardian of levies for the support of the Catholic Church, in particular the tithe, which was levied on the products of agriculture and ranching. Estos cambios hacen necesarias soluciones . La siguiente problemática es la que representa la cuestión de determinar si el Renacimiento supone una radical ruptura o una continuidad con respecto a la edad media. Seri Lela's daughter, the Bruneian princess, left with the Spanish and went on to marry a Christian Tagalog, named Agustín de Legazpi of Tondo, and had children in the Philippines.[139]. Juan Ponce de León equipped three ships with at least 200 men at his own expense and set out from Puerto Rico on 4 March 1513 to Florida and surrounding coastal area. Características de la burguesía. There was some economic development in the Indies to supply food, but a diversified economy did not emerge. In the Philippines, the Spanish–American War (1898) brought the islands under U.S. jurisdiction, with English being imposed in schools and Spanish becoming a secondary official language. En 1970, se creó la primera calculadora de bolsillo en una empresa en Texas. Voluntaria desde 2015. With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, and the supposed incompetence to rule of his daughter, Queen Juana of Castile and Aragon, Charles of Ghent became Charles I of Castile and Aragon. As a result of this naval victory, at the Treaty of Alcáçovas in 1479 Castile, while retaining her rights in the Canaries, recognized the Portuguese monopoly of fishing and navigation along the whole west African coast and Portugal's rights over the Madeira, Azores and Cape Verde islands [plus the right to conquer the Kingdom of Fez ]. When French forces of Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Iberian peninsula in 1808, Napoleon ousted the Spanish Bourbon monarchy, placing his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne. The combined Spanish-Mexican-Filipino forces also built a Christian walled city over the burnt ruins of Muslim Maynila and made it as the new capital of the Spanish East Indies and renamed it Manila. The Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation—the first circumnavigation of the Earth—laid the foundation for the Pacific Oceanic empire of Spain and for the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. In 1742, the War of Jenkins' Ear merged with the larger War of the Austrian Succession, and King George's War in North America. Alessandro Malaspina's recommendation to turn the empire into a looser confederation to help improve governance and trade so as to quell the growing political tensions between the élites of the empire's periphery and center was suppressed by a monarchy afraid of losing control. Melchior Díaz reached the delta in the same year, intending to establish contact with Alarcón, but the latter was already gone by the time of Díaz's arrival. Columbus unexpectedly encountered the western hemisphere, populated by peoples he named "Indians". Panama declared independence in 1821 and merged with the Republic of Gran Colombia (from 1821 to 1903). [191] The economic reforms of the Bourbon era both shaped and were themselves impacted by geopolitical developments in Europe. This isolated pocket of advanced economic development stood in stark contrast to the relative backwardness of most of the country. Although the islands' loss barely diminished its American territories, the islands were strategically located and held political, military, and economic advantages in the long run. Consulado membership was dominated by peninsular-born Spaniards, usually members of transatlantic commercial houses. Se encontró adentro – Página 578La burguesía española en la Edad Moderna : actas del Congreso Internacional celebrado en Madrid y Soria los días 15 a 18 de diciembre de 1991. Valladolid [ 1996 ] . T. II , pp . 767-81 . “ Riqueza patrimonial y rentas de los ... [29] Spain was largely able to defend its territories in the Americas, with the Dutch, the English, and the French only taking small Caribbean islands and outposts, using them to engage in contraband trade with the Spanish populace in the Indies. In this way alone could Castile's productivity increased, its commerce restored, and its humiliating dependence on foreigners, on the Dutch and the Genoese, be brought to an end."[189]. The Spain that the disabled young Charles II (1661–1700) inherited was clearly in decline and there were more losses immediately. This saw the emergence of a small, politically active commercial class in Barcelona. On 1 May, the American navy destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay in the first battle of the Spanish–American War. Transpacific explorations had resulted in Spain claiming the Philippines and the establishment of Spanish settlements and trade with Mexico. Great Britain was also expanding into areas that Spain claimed as its territory on the Pacific coast. "Criminal Justice" in, Bakewell, Peter and Kendall W. Brown, "Mining: Colonial Spanish America" in, Fisher, John R. "Fleet System (Flota)" in, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Kuethe, Allan J. [44], Portugal obtained several Papal bulls that acknowledged Portuguese control over the discovered territories, but Castile also obtained from the Pope the safeguard of its rights to the Canary Islands with the bulls Romani Pontifex dated 6 November 1436 and Dominatur Dominus dated 30 April 1437. There was a pyramid of racial status[dubious – discuss] with the apex being the small number of European white (españoles), a slightly larger number of mixed-race castas, who, like the whites were mainly urban dwelling, and the largest populations were Indians living in communities in the countryside. El ideal de la belleza femenina en el Renacimiento es la mujer de tez pálida, cabello rubio y rizado, caderas anchas y cintura y pecho pequeño. Philip's government set up a ministry of the Navy and the Indies (1714) and established commercial companies, the Honduras Company (1714), a Caracas company, the Guipuzcoana Company (1728), and the most successful one, the Havana Company (1740). Although Indians were classified as part of the Repúbica de Indios, their offspring of unions with Españoles and Africans were castas. [13] The structure of empire was further defined under the Spanish Habsburgs (1516–1700), and under the Spanish Bourbon monarchs the empire was brought under greater crown control and increased its revenues from the Indies. In 1603, during a Chinese rebellion, Pérez Dasmariñas was beheaded, and his head was mounted in Manila along with those of several other Spanish soldiers. [200][68], At the beginning of his reign, the first Spanish Bourbon, King Philip V, reorganized the government to strengthen the executive power of the monarch as was done in France, in place of the deliberative, Polysynodial System of Councils.[201]. The. Upon receiving the news, the Portuguese Indies submitted in turn, without combat. [y] Spain gave the Napoleonic army their first open-field defeat at the Battle of Bailén (July 1808), which inspired Austria and Britain to form the Fifth Coalition against France. [l] Despite the significant victory, however, the Holy League's disunity prevented the victors from capitalizing on their triumph. He was the first Habsburg monarch of Spain and co-ruler of Spain with his mother, Queen Juana. The reign of Philip II of Spain was extremely important, with both major successes and failures. Charles established the Council of the Indies in 1524 to oversee all of Castile's overseas possessions. The Spanish built a fortified line (La Trocha) to prevent Gómez from moving westward from Oriente province. Of equal importance was the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire by Francisco Pizarro, which would become the Viceroyalty of Peru. The first major territory Spain was to lose in the 19th century was the vast Louisiana Territory, which had few European settlers. By implementing this method of political organization, the crown was able to implement new forms of private property without completely replacing already existing systems, such as the communal use of resources. Para este cuarto capítulo de nuestro portafolio titulado "El surgimiento de la Enfermería Moderna", trabajaremos con el mismo texto que hemos venido utilizando de las autoras García y Martínez (2001). [117] In the western Mediterranean, Philip pursued a defensive policy with the construction of a series of military forts (presidios) and peace agreements with some of the Muslim rulers of North Africa.[118]. After the military and political conquest, there was an emphasis on religious conquest as well, leading to the creation of the Spanish Inquisition. L'edat mitjana o edat medieval és el període de la història d'Europa que va des del segle v fins al segle xv.Succeeix a l'edat antiga, que acaba amb la caiguda de l'Imperi Romà d'Occident, i precedeix el Renaixement i l'era de l'exploració. [12] Castile became the dominant kingdom in Iberia because of its jurisdiction over the overseas empire in the Americas and the Philippines. [120] William was assassinated by a supporter of Philip in 1584. La maternidad era su profesión e identidad. In these battles, which established the supremacy of the Spanish Tercios in European battlefields, the forces of the kings of Spain acquired a reputation for invincibility that would last until the mid-17th century. CONCEPTO RENACIMIENTO. The damage to Santiago and Puerto Plata was estimated at $5,000,000.[222]. Thomas, Hugh. Once regions incorporated into the empire and their importance assessed, overseas possessions came under stronger or weaker crown control. Under the Basic Law of December 1963, limited autonomy was authorized under a joint legislative body for the territory's two provinces. Through their continued loyalty to the crown, they maintained their positions of power within their communities but also served as agents of colonial governance. Taking steps to shore up its fragile claims to California, Spain began planning California missions in 1769. Schneider, Reinhold, 'El Rey de Dios', Belacqva (2002), Hugh Thomas, 'World Without End: The Global Empire of Philip II', Penguin; 1st edition (2015). [162] The crown learned its lesson with the rule of Christopher Columbus and his heirs in the Caribbean, and they never subsequently gave authorization of sweeping powers to explorers and conquerors. They continued through Coahuila and Nueva Vizcaya; then down the Gulf of California coast to what is now Sinaloa, Mexico, over a period of roughly eight years. 2010. The Council of Portugal was subsequently dissolved. The two became known as the Catholic Monarchs, with their marriage a personal union that created a relationship between the Crown of Aragon and Castile, each with their own administrations, but ruled jointly by the two monarchs.[59]. Spain and France were allies because of the Bourbon "Family Pact" carried out by both countries against Britain. En la nobleza y la alta burguesía, las mujeres nobles aprendían la doctrina cristiana, a leer y a… The Spanish Empire benefited from favorable factor endowments in its overseas possessions with their large, exploitable, indigenous populations and rich mining areas. The result of these exchanges was to significantly improve the agricultural potential of not only in America, but also that of Europe and Asia. DUO 2 LIBROS E~ 1 La Ilustración Gon~al Mayos La Ilustración fue una corriente europea del siglo XVIll. [47], Castilian fleets fought in the Atlantic Ocean, temporarily occupying the Cape Verde islands (1476), conquering the city of Ceuta in the Tingitan Peninsula in 1476 (but retaken by the Portuguese),[c][d] and even attacked the Azores islands, being defeated at Praia. Se encontró adentro – Página 180V. nuestro trabajo conjunto con Jesús Castro Cuenca « Semántica del término “ ciudadano " en la Edad Moderna » , en las Actas del Congreso Internacional La Burguesía Española en la Edad Moderna , celebrado en Madrid en 1991 ( en prensa ) ...  En las familias pobres, las mujeres realizaban cualquier tipo de tarea: limpiar, preparar la comida, cuidar de los niños o los animales, etc. The crown's obligation to support the Church sometimes resulted in funds from the royal treasury being transferred to the Church when the tithes fell short of paying ecclesiastical expenses. [182] This left criollos only the membership in a city or town's cabildo. They operated under a system of royal licensing, since the crown held the rights to subsoil wealth. This condition became laxer as the years went on and various enterprises had repartimiento laborers where they would work in dangerous conditions for long hours and low wages.[193]. For those who traveled to the New World and back it was common to bring back souvenirs as there were a great interest in what the New World meant. Native Americans were exempt. The victory was aided by the participation of various military leaders and contingents from parts of Italy under Philip's rule. Later they were enslaved by the Hans, the Capoques and others. In his work Political essay on the kingdom of New Spain containing researches relative to the geography of Mexico he says that the Indians of New Spain lived in better conditions than any Russian or German peasant in Europe. [125] In the religious sphere, the crown sought to bring the power of the religious orders under control with the Ordenanza del Patronazgo, ordering friars to give up their Indian parishes and turn them over to the diocesan clergy, who were more closely controlled by the crown. The crisis could have led to war, but it was resolved in the Nootka Convention, in which Spain and Great Britain agreed to not establish settlements and allowed free access to Nootka Sound on the west coast of what is now Vancouver Island. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan, an anti-colonial secret organization. En la Edad Moderna, todos los grandes estados siguen un modelo patriarcal que restringe a la mujer a un papel subordinado, aunque existen excepciones de mujeres con un pequeño papel intelectual, sobre todo en el siglo XVII. In Peru, after decades of political unrest, with ineffective viceroys and encomenderos wielding undue power, weak royal institutions, a renegade Inca state existing in Vilcabamba, and waning revenue from the silver mine of Potosí, Toledo's appointment was a major step forward for royal control. The relatively more peaceful century under the new monarchy had allowed it to rebuild and start the long process of modernizing its institutions and economy, and the demographic decline of the 17th century had been reversed. They were subordinated to the governor of Hispaniola,[93] the newly appointed Diego Columbus,[94] with the same legal authority as Ovando. The Habsburg dynasty spent the Castilian and American riches in wars across Europe on behalf of Habsburg interests, and declared moratoriums (bankruptcies) on their debt payments several times. Much of the silver of the Indies was diverted into those European merchant houses. Tampoco podÃan ocupar cargos de representación en los parlamentos locales. ", "Historians generally have assumed that these movements invoked the name of Fernando VII to mask their real goal: achieving independence". Este episodio de la historia es comúnmente . The crown expanded its global claims and defended existing ones in the Indies. Simultaneously, the establishment of a Christianized Philippines attracted Chinese traders who exchanged their silk for Mexican silver, Indian and Malay traders also settled in the Philippines too, to trade their spices and gems for the same Mexican silver. Under Toledo, the last stronghold of the Inca state was destroyed and the last Inca emperor, Tupac Amaru I, was executed. Though some orders took vows of poverty, by the time the second wave of friars came to the Americas and as their numbers grew, the orders began amassing wealth and thus became key economic players. After the fall of the Aztec and Inca empires, the rulers of the empires were replaced by the Spanish monarchy, while retaining much of the hierarchical indigenous structures. The land would be significantly different but there was a special emphasis put on the emerging mixed races. In 1599, Malay Muslim merchants defeated and massacred almost the entire contingent of Spanish troops in Cambodia, putting an end to Spanish plans to conquer it. El desarrollo de la burguesía, clase social impulsora de los ideales renacentistas, comienza en la edad media, y va asociada al desarrollo del individualismo; la penetración . One of the most accomplished conquistadors was Hernán Cortés, who, leading a relatively small Spanish force but with local translators and the crucial support of thousands of native allies, achieved the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in the campaigns of 1519–1521. As a result of the marriage politics of the Catholic Monarchs (in Spanish, Reyes Católicos), their Habsburg grandson Charles inherited the Castilian empire in America and the possessions of the Crown of Aragon in the Mediterranean (including all of south Italy), lands in Germany, the Low Countries, Franche-Comté, and Austria. The Crown officially organized this trade with Guinea: every caravel had to secure a government license and to pay a tax on one-fifth of their profits (a receiver of the customs of Guinea was established in Seville in 1475—the ancestor of the future and famous Casa de Contratación). The Spanish Empire also left a vast cultural and linguistic legacy. The battle ended the threat of Ottoman naval hegemony in the Mediterranean. Silver production revived in the eighteenth century, with production far surpassing the earlier output. No obstante, nos basaremos en el tercer capítulo de este libro . After the fall of Antwerp, the Queen of England began to aid the Northern provinces and sent troops there in 1585. As the urban, white, lower-class (plebeian) population increased, they too were increasingly subject to criminal arrest and punishment. [184] The local administrative structure in Buenos Aires, for example, was established through its oversight of both legal and illegal commerce. [49][g], The Treaty of Alcáçovas (4 September 1479), while assuring the Castilian throne to the Catholic Monarchs, reflected the Castilian naval and colonial defeat:[50] "War with Castile broke out waged savagely in the Gulf [of Guinea] until the Castilian fleet of thirty-five sail was defeated there in 1478. Nómadas ISSN: 1578-6730 nomadas@cps.ucm.es Universidad Complutense de Madrid España Míguez, Pablo EL NACIMIENTO DEL ESTADO MODERNO Y LOS ORÍGENES DE LA ECONOMÍA Historia. Its present name and organisation date back to 1977, although its predecessor, the Instituto de la Opinión Püblica (IOP), was founded in 1963. Only some Castilians who were displaced from the disputed areas of the Pampas of Rio Grande do Sul have left a significant influence on the formation of the gaucho, when they mixed with Indian groups, Portuguese and blacks who arrived in the region during the 18th century. By 1575, German soldiers were three-quarters of Philip's troops. A more modern Spanish fleet, which had been sent to try and recover Manila, was recalled to protect the Spanish coasts from a possible American attack. Se encontró adentro – Página 56Contexto histórico La Edad Moderna se considera la época histórica que se inicia con el descubrimiento de América (1492) y finaliza con la Revolución ... La conformación de los 'Estados Modernos'y el ascenso social de la burguesía. The Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest, with Alessandro Malaspina and others sailing for Spain, came too late for Spain to assert its sovereignty in the Pacific Northwest.[211]. The Spaniard Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was the leader of the Narváez expedition of 600 men, that between 1527 and 1535 explored the mainland of North America. Caciques mobilized their populations for encomenderos and, later, repartimiento recipients chosen by the crown. By the late 16th century, silver from the Americas accounted for one-fifth of Spain's total budget. The friars would walk into the towns barefoot as a display of their surrender to God in a sort of theater of conversion. Indigenous noblemen were a key group for the administration of the Spanish Empire, since they served as intermediaries between crown officials and indigenous communities. 64 EDUCACIÓN ADULTOS 2000• Historia 3.2. [26][27] After a short period of delegation of authority by the crown in the Americas, the crown asserted control over those territories and established the Council of the Indies to oversee rule there. Se encontró adentro – Página 193La caracterización del grupo social etiquetado como burguesía ha dado lugar a un debate bastante complejo que se remonta al Antiguo Régimen.1 Los historiadores de la Edad Moderna han considerado que la burguesía era básicamente ... Ferdinand and Isabella defeated the last Muslim king out of Granada in 1492 after a ten-year war. Missionaries also acted as guardians against encomendero exploitation. [121] The Spanish Armada suffered defeat at the hands of the English in 1588 and the situation in the Netherlands became increasingly difficult to manage. The English Armada of 1589 failed to liberate Portugal. One of the largest empires in history, it was, in conjunction with the Portuguese, the first to . [230] In June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States.[231][232]. Philip II's successor, Philip III, made chief minister the capable Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma as a favourite, the first of the validos ('most worthy'). Spain actively supported the thirteen colonies throughout the American Revolutionary War, beginning in 1776 by jointly funding Roderigue Hortalez and Company, a trading company that provided critical military supplies, throughout financing the final Siege of Yorktown in 1781 with a collection of gold and silver from Havana. [204] According to Humboldt, despite the fact that Indian farmers were poor, under Spanish rule they were free and slavery was non-existent, their conditions were much better than any other peasant or farmer in northern Europe.
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