Some of them were accorded almost Scriptural authority in the early Church. The writings of the Apostolic Fathers give a rich and diverse picture of Christian life and thought in the period immediately after New Testament times. I took my message from the last chapter of John. Important Apostolic Fathers include Clement of Rome,[3] Ignatius of Antioch and Polycarp of Smyrna. ( Log Out / Polycarp composed the Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (the same church the Apostle Paul had written to earlier in the New Testament) in which he shows concern for disorder within the church body, those leaving the church, and those holding to heretical beliefs (such as the Marcionites who rejected the Old Testament portrayal of God). They translated Patristic literature into the popular language. Their works date to the late first and early second centuries CE and provide valuable historical insight into the Christian movement, heretical teachings, and persecutions facing the Christian community during the period. Chief in importance are the three first-century Bishops: St. Clement of Rome, St. Ignatius of Antioch, and St. Polycarp of Smyrna, of whose intimate personal relations with the Apostles there is no doubt. It isimportant to note that most church historians actually call certain documents(e.g. Their writings, though popular in Early Christianity, were ultimately not included in the canon of the New Testamentonce it reached its final form. Beyond the New Testament historians find attestation in the apostolic church fathers, as well as extra-biblical Roman and Jewish historians, and the Apocrypha. THE STORY OF THE CHURCH - PART 1, TOPIC 3. They were originally called apostolic men (Apostolici). And when he came near, the proconsul asked him whether he was Polycarp. Clement opposed these actions and penned a lengthy letter in which he quotes texts from the Old and New Testaments commanding the younger men to have respect for their leaders. ( Log Out / Polycarp was martyred under the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius (86-161 CE) after being arrested and brought into the arena. The text 2 Clement is not considered an authentic letter of Clement of Rome. And as he was brought forward, the tumult became great when they heard that Polycarp was taken. “Well, they preserving the tradition of the blessed doctrine derived directly from the holy apostles, Peter, James, John, and Paul, the sons receiving it from the father (but few were like the fathers), came by God’s will to us also to deposit those ancestral and apostolic seeds. For example, in terms of […], […] Early heresies in the Christian church motivated the convening of councils and the writings of ecclesiastical authors condemning unorthodox views, such as Arianism, Pelagianism, Marcionism, Gnosticism, the Judaizers, […], […] of Christ’s physical body from the dead), hence why the Gnostics rejected this. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apostolic-Father, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Apostolic Fathers. Change ). It is also this church that is addressed in the New Testament book Revelation (2:8-11) written around 95 CE and that stated it would suffer persecution. Apostolic Fathers Apostolic Fathers. Chief in importance are the three first-century Bishops: St. Clement of Rome, St. Ignatius of Antioch, and St. Polycarp of Smyrna, of whose intimate personal relations with the Apostles there is no doubt. There is no definitive list as there is for those that have honored with the title “Doctor of the Church.” Rather, “Early Church Father” is This naturally leads us to ask whether or not any of them were ethnic Jews? The writings of the Apostolic Fathers which have survived were all written in Greek, following the pattern of the new Testament. The Apostolic Fathers were almost unknown—lost for all practical purposes—between the fifth and seventeenth centuries. Ignatius contended that Christ’s body was a human one. Updates? James is currently researching alternative and emergent religions in South Africa. It is possible, although not certain, that he is the Clement mentioned in the New Testament text of Philippians 4:3 (if this refers to Clement then HE would have been around the age of 30 at the time the Apostle Paul mentioned him). On his confessing that he was, [the proconsul] sought to persuade him to deny [Christ], saying, “Have respect to thy old age,” and other similar things, according to their custom, [such as], “Swear by the fortune of Caesar; repent, and say. Five such Fathers are thought of: Clement, Ignatius, Polycarp, Hermas, Barnabas. Ignatius criticized the Docetists for teaching that Christ did not have a natural, human body while on Earth but a phantom one, and that Christ had suffered and died only in appearance. More than three decades ago, I was invited to a Black Baptist church by my friend and pastor for their 75th anniversary. James obtained his BTh with cum laude, and is currently pursuing his postgraduate in Religious Studies. The list of Fathers included under this section varies. He has aspirations to teach Religious Studies and World Religion. The 12 apostles were Jesus Christ’s closest followers. Aspirations to teach Religion Studies, World Religion, Philosophy of Religion. Others find their way to this list, suchas the so-called Second Letter of Clement, the Martyrdom of Polycarp, theEpistle to Diognetus, and fragment writings by Papias (Olson, p… This set of early Christian writings, referred to as "The Apostolic Fathers," were written by the first generation of Christian leadership after the apostles, thus the term "fathers." ( Log Out / As an example there are many Coptic papyrus for the Apostolic Fathers: A papyrus preserved in the National Library in Berlin Younger men in the church were seeking to replace those within the leadership they deemed too old to lead. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Polycarp of Smyrna was born in Asia Minor (western-Turkey). Following the publication of his revised translations in The Apostolic Fathers in English, 3rd ed., Michael Holmes, a leading expert on these texts, offers a thoroughly revised and redesigned bilingual edition, featuring Greek (or Latin) and English on facing pages.Introductions and bibliographies are generous and up to date. The apostolic church fathers were the ones like Clement of Rome who were contemporaries of the apostles and were probably taught by them, carrying on the tradition and teaching of the apostles themselves. Liked it? This new Loeb Classical Library edition of these essential texts reflects current idiom and the latest scholarship. the Didache "Church Fathers"). Only the literary remains of the first three are genuine. The Apostolic Fathers were Christian theologians who lived in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, who are believed to have personally known some of the Twelve Apostles, or to have been significantly influenced by them. The "Apostolic Fathers" The term "apostolic fathers" is applied to the writings of the late 1 st and early 2 nd century, and might be construed to imply that the so-called "fathers" were men who had actually known the apostles personally, and therefore represented the first generation of post-apostolic leadership in the church. Their names were Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, Jude, Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot. Omissions? Some Apostolic Fathers accepted extra-Biblical texts as if they were inspired. St Clement of Rome, St Ignatius of Antioch and St. Polycarp of Smyrna were three such men. Basil, the father of monachism, and St. Gregory Nazianzen, famous for the purity of his faith, he made up the triumvirate called "the three hierarchs ", familiar up to the present day in Eastern art. Not until the years 1633-1645 were 1 & 2 Clement, Barnabas, and the letters of Ignatius and Polycarp published. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Obtained BTh with cum laude, currently doing Masters (Religion Studies). Apostolic Father, any of the Greek Christian writers, several unknown, who were authors of early Christian works dating primarily from the late 1st and early 2nd centuries. With the great St. That he quotes the New Testament (Paul’s letters and the book of Hebrews) suggests that Christians might have had some notion of scripture before the New Testament was canonized, although this is uncertain. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Apostolic Fathers are those early Christians who have left us literary remains, lived during the time of the Apostles, and were thought to be their disciples. He urged Christians to do good works and to look to the example of faith exercised through the martyrdom suffered by Ignatius and others. James Bishop, South Africa, graduate Multimedia, Brand Marketing (CBC), Theology, Psychology, TESOL. St. Athanasius was added to these by the Westerns, so … They were originally called apostolic men (Apostolici). Corrections? Ignatius of Antioch was the bishop of the church in Antioch likely personally acquainted with the Apostle John. The term “Apostolic Fathers” to describe these figures seems to be a development in the late 17th century when a number of these writings started to be grouped together and even translated into English. Polycarp was the bishop of the church in Smyrna for several decades around th… He is well-known for the letters he authored while on voyage as a prisoner to Rome awaiting execution. Basil of Caesarea, St. Gregory Nazianzus, St. Peter of Sebaste and St. Gregory of Nyssa), Maximus the Confessor, and St. John of Damascus. In addition, the Didache and Shepherd of Hermas are usually placed among the writings of the Apostolic Fathers although their authors are unknown; like the works of Clement, Ignatius and Polycarp, they were first written in Greek. Bishop's Encyclopedia of Religion, Society and Philosophy, What Are Some Differences Between The Buddha and Jesus Christ? The Apostolic Fathers whose names we know were all leaders in the early church, and some corresponded with one another. (This view, however, is shared by others who are not…. He penned a letter to the church in Corinth in 95 CE because of issues relating to leadership. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. I was a white, inexperienced PASTOR WITH A BORING MESSAGE, THE KEY WORD, BORING. Clement of Rome was the third bishop of the church in Rome thought to be consecrated by the disciple Peter. The Apostolic Fathers Author(s): Lightfoot, Joseph Barber (1828-1889) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Description: J.B. Lightf oot’s collection and tr anslation of man y of the w orks of the Apostolic fathers is a must-read for anyone wanting to expand his or her knowledge of early Christian thought This fact was true even when their writings originated in Rome, the capital city of the natively Latin-speaking Romans. August 21, 2020 Stephen Bedard Comments 0 Comment. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... patristic literature: The Apostolic Fathers, According to conventional reckoning, the earliest examples of patristic literature are the writings of the so-called, Baptist, member of a group of Protestant Christians who share the basic beliefs of most Protestants but who insist that only believers should be baptized and that it should be done by immersion rather than by the sprinkling or pouring of water. Some of them were accorded almost Scriptural authority in the early Church. Some of them were acquainted and taught by the apostles of Jesus Christ, notably the three principle Apostolic Fathers: Clement of Rome (30-100 CE), Ignatius of Antioch (35-108 CE), and Polycarp of Smyrna (69-155 CE). He is a graduate in Creative Brand Communication and Marketing (CBC), and in Theology (majoring in psychology). A simple question; I am reading the Apostolic Fathers and have noticed how they frequently refer to themselves as 'Gods Chosen' and speak of the Old Testament prophets as 'Our Forefathers'. The name did not come into common use, however, until the 17th century. They provide a bridge between it and the more fully developed Christianity of the late 2nd century. By all accounts, he was looking forward to his martyrdom, likely as a result of his desire to imitate Christ’s Passion and suffering, and therefore be united with him in such affliction: “I am writing to all the churches to let it be known that I will gladly die for God if only you do not stand in my way… Let me be food for the wild beasts, for they are my way to God.” As he traveled, he was joined by Christians who followed him. He met Ignatius when he passed through Smyrna as a prisoner and was taught by the Apostle John. This new Loeb Classical Library edition of these essential texts reflects current idiom and the latest scholarship. – Bishop's Encyclopedia of Religion, Society and Philosophy, Follow Bishop's Encyclopedia of Religion, Society and Philosophy on WordPress.com. – Bishop's Encyclopedia of Religion, Society and Philosophy, Giorgio La Piana – Apologetics as a Theological Field of Limited Interest – Bishop's Encyclopedia of Religion, Society and Philosophy, Gnosticism, the Gnostic Texts/Gospels, and the Historical Jesus: What Do We Know? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The writings of the Apostolic Fathers give a rich and diverse picture of Christian life and thought in the period immediately after New Testament times. It is highly likely that Montanists were among the martyrs in the famous persecution scene of Lyons in the year 177. The Apostolic Fathers wrote in Greek and used the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament. Their works are the principal source for information about Christianity during the two or three generations following the Apostles. From the early centuries the Copts were interested in the writings of the Fathers. In trying to determine who rightly can be called a “Father of the Church” (or “Early Church Father) one must keep in mind that “Father of the Church” is not an officially conferred distinction. From the beginning, all of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers were esteemed by the church as important. These letters encouraged people in the faith while some were critical of the Judaizers (those who identified as Christians yet taught that Jewish customs and practices needed to be embraced in order to attain salvation) who rejected the authority of New Testament texts, as well as those who promoted heretical beliefs such as the Docetists. The Greek Fathers, who wrote in Greek, included St. Irenaeus of Lyons, St. Clement of Alexandria, St. Athanasius of Alexandria, St. John Chrysostom, St. Cyril of Alexandria, the Cappadocian Fathers (St. He was elevated fairly rapidly in the church of Smyrna. Ignatius left letters in the cities he visited. EWTN News, Inc. is the world’s largest Catholic news organization, comprised of television, radio, print and digital media outlets, dedicated to reporting the truth in … Clement of Rome was the third bishop of the church in Rome thought to be consecrated by the disciple Peter. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Probably the most problematic aspect of the Montanists was the view that their prophecies carried the authority of the gospels, and of apostolic teaching. Clement of Rome, for one, cites the apocryphal works Wisdom and Judith. For the first two centuries, most of these men were bishops, although in later years certain priests and deacons were also recognized as Fathers. After Judas betrayed Jesus, Matthias was chosen to replace him. Away with the Atheists.” But Polycarp, gazing with a stern countenance on all the multitude of the wicked heathen then in the stadium, and waving his hand towards them, while with groans he looked up to heaven, said, “Away with the Atheists.” Then, the proconsul urging him, and saying, “Swear, and I will set thee at liberty, reproach Christ;” Polycarp declared, “Eighty and six years have I served Him, and He never did me any injury: how then can I blaspheme my King and my Saviour?”, James Bishop is from South Africa. A few books were even included in early Bibles: 1 and 2 Clement, Shepherd of Hermas, and the Epistle of Barnabas. Ryan Reeves does an excellent video on the Apostolic Fathers that will give some important context. This is evidenced by the increased Coptic manuscripts that are found. Many of the writings derive from the same time period and geographical location as other works of early Christian literature that did come to be part of the Ne… Some are known by name while others are anonymous. ST. IRENAEUS OF LYONSA bishop in Gaul (now Lyons, France), notable early Catholic apologist and disciple of St. Polycarp. For example, the Apostolic Pentecostal movement differs on the belief of the Trinity than other Pentecostals, saying that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three titles for Jesus. Like the Apostles they faced some opposition to their faith, which meant that their life was often at risk. Linus, mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:21, became the bishop of Rome, and Clement took over from Linus. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Origen (whom we’ll read later this year) speculated that he may have been the Clement named by Paul in Philippians 4:3, but no details of his biography are known. Agreed on by all churchhistorians are: Clement, Ignatius, Polycarp, the Didache (Teaching of theTwelve Apostles), Epistle of Barnabas and Shepherd of Hermas. The writer of The Epistle of Polycarp refers to Tobit to give credence to the idea that the giving … They are acknowledged as leaders in the early church, although their writings were not included in the New Testament. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The Apostolic Fathers were members of the early church who bridged the New Testament era with the beginning of the Christian era following the lives of the apostles. Apostolic Father, any of the Greek Christian writers, several unknown, who were authors of early Christian works dating primarily from the late 1st and early 2nd centuries.Their works are the principal source for information about Christianity during the two or three generations following the Apostles. View all posts by James Bishop, […] years of Christ’s death. Take a second to support Stephen Bedard on Patreon! These writers include Clement of Rome, Ignatius, Polycarp, Hermas, Barnabas, Papias, and the anonymous authors of the Didachē (Teaching of the Twelve Apostles), Letter to Diognetus, Letter of Barnabas, and the Martyrdom of Polycarp. The Apostolic Fathers are a small number of Early Christian authors who lived and wrote in the second half of the 1st century and the first half of the 2nd century. The early apostolic fathers interpreted Scripture according to a "functional hermeneutic," meaning that they applied the text to their own situation, often without regard for its original context. The Fathers of the Church are so called because of their leadership in the early Church, especially in defending, expounding, and developing Catholic doctrines. The letter approvingly refers to and quotes many New Testament texts, including the synoptic gospels (Mark, Matthew, and Luke). 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