New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. The commission based its findings in large part on eyewitness testimonies of former NKVD workers and victims of repressions, and on many documents. Between August 1937 and October 1938, more than 20,000 people were shot and buried there. In some cases, high military command arrested under Yezhov were later executed under Beria. Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença. [7] Historians estimate the total number of deaths due to Stalinist repression in 1937–38 to be between 950,000 to 1.2 million.[1]. For example, Kamenev's teenage son was arrested and charged with terrorism. ; 5 Vinogradov, “Tret´ia reforma organov bezopasnosti…,” 93. The definitive work on Stalin's purges, the author's The Great Terror was universally acclaimed when it first appeared in 1968. In Stalin's Birthplace, Forgiving And Forgetting. [47] Poles comprised 12.5% of those who were killed during the Great Terror, while comprising only 0.4% of the population. 00447 also targeted "the most vicious and stubborn anti-Soviet elements in camps", they were all "to be put into the first category" – that is, shot. To take that position was politically useful to Khrushchev, as he was at that time engaged in a power struggle with rivals who had been associated with the Purge, the so-called Anti-Party Group. [89], When the relatives of those who had been executed in 1937–38 inquired about their fate, they were told by NKVD that their arrested relatives had been sentenced to "ten years without the right of correspondence" (десять лет без права переписки). In the same speech, he recognized that many of the victims were innocent and were convicted on the basis of false confessions extracted by torture. But we are close friends, and intellectual friendship is stronger than other friendships. According to an o"cial witness: “He started to hiccup, weep, and when he was conveyed to ‘the place,’ they had to drag him by the hands along the Tabidze's lifelong friend and fellow poet. The Great Purge began under NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda, but reached its peak between September 1936 and August 1938 under the leadership of Nikolai Yezhov, hence the name Yezhovshchina. In the Western world, Robert Conquest's 1968 book The Great Terror popularized the phrase. [35][36] To them, Bukharin's confession symbolized the The NKVD officers shot prisoners in the head using pistols.[42][65]. 286–307 in, Shearer, David. They were given the task to investigate the materials concerning Bukharin, Rykov, Zinoviev, Tukhachevsky, and others. The campaigns also affected many other categories of the society: intelligentsia, peasants—especially those lending out money or wealth (kulaks)—and professionals.[10]. Even previously sympathetic observers who had stomached the earlier trials found it harder to swallow these new allegations as they became ever more absurd, and the purge expanded to include almost every living Old Bolshevik leader except Stalin and Kalinin. A series of mass operations of the NKVD was carried out from 1937 through 1938 until the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 targeting specific nationalities within the Soviet Union, based on NKVD directives against the so-called diversionist element, according to the notion of the "hostile capitalist surrounding" as defined by Nikolai Yezhov. These trials were highly publicized and extensively covered by the outside world, which was mesmerized by the spectacle of Lenin's closest associates confessing to most outrageous crimes and begging for death sentences. … Extended families were purposely left with nothing to live on, which usually sealed their fate as well, affecting up to 200,000–250,000 people of Polish background depending on the size of their families. On 11 August 1918, prior to the events that would officially catalyze the Terror, Vladimir Lenin had sent telegrams "to introduce mass terror" in Nizhny Novgorod in response to a suspected civilian uprising there, and to "crush" landowners in Penza who resisted, sometimes violently, the requisitioning of their grain by military detachments: To carry out a growing number of arrests, the State Security personnel of NKVD – approximately 25,000 officers – were supplemented by ordinary policemen, sometimes by civilian Party or Komsomol (Young Communist League) members. Press, c1999, p. 591, Chuev, Feliks. 00486. According to Nikita Khrushchev's 1956 speech, "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", and to historian Robert Conquest, a great number of accusations, notably those presented at the Moscow show trials, were based on forced confessions, often obtained through torture,[11] and on loose interpretations of Article 58 of the RSFSR Penal Code, which dealt with counter-revolutionary crimes. That Trotsky never instructed any of the accused or witnesses in the Moscow trials to enter into agreements with foreign powers against the Soviet Union [and] that Trotsky never recommended, plotted, or attempted the restoration of capitalism in the USSR. Following the Civil War and reconstruction of the Soviet economy in the late 1920s, veteran Bolsheviks no longer thought necessary the "temporary" wartime dictatorship, which had passed from Lenin to Stalin. 00447 decreed 10,000 executions for this contingent, but at least three times more were shot in the course of the secret mass operation, the majority in March–April 1938. However the actual evidence introduced at trial was obtained from forced confessions.[63]. [105], The lower figure did roughly confirm Conquest's original 1968 estimate of 700,000 "legal" executions and in the preface to the 40th anniversary edition of The Great Terror, Conquest claimed that he had been "correct on the vital matter—the numbers put to death: about one million". [82], The pro-Soviet leader Sheng Shicai of Xinjiang province in China launched his own purge in 1937 to coincide with Stalin's Great Purge. The following events are used for the demarcation of the period. Pp. The "Kulak Operation" and the targeting of national minorities were the main components of the Great Terror. For political purges in general, see, "Ex-kulaks" and other "anti-Soviet elements", This information was published first in 1990 in a, Hagenloh, Paul. The purges began in the Red Army, and the techniques developed there were quickly adapted to purges in other sectors. [126], Kuropaty mass grave site near Minsk, Belarus, Memorial cemetery Krasny Bor near Petrozavodsk, Russia, Memorial to Polish victims of Stalinist repression, Tomsk, Russia, Monument to victims of political repressions in Rutchenkove settlement, part of Donetsk, Ukraine, Memorial to victims of Stalinist repression in Tomsk, Russia, The monumental slab at the entrance to the Sandarmokh burial grounds reads: "People! The definitive work on Stalin's purges, Robert Conquest's The Great Terror was universally acclaimed when it first appeared in 1968. During the ensuing Great Terror, which included the notorious show trials of Stalin's former Bolshevik opponents in 1936–1938 and reached its peak in 1937 and 1938, millions of innocent Soviet citizens were sent off to labor camps or killed in prison. Robert Conquest (1917 – 2015) was one of the twentieth century’s greatest historians of the Soviet Union. Political executions also continued, but, with the exception of Katyn and other NKVD massacres during World War II, on a vastly smaller scale. [77] In addition, 141 American Communists of Finnish origin were executed and buried at Sandarmokh. Many[quantify] were subsequently shot dead at Butovo firing range. Sinopse; Edições 1; Vídeos 0; Grupos 0; Resenhas 0; Leitores 2; He elaborates: Stalin undoubtedly caused many innocent people to be executed, but it seems likely that he thought many of them guilty of crimes against the state and felt that the execution of others would act as a deterrent to the guilty. 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